* Add `get_probe_metadata` method to `simulator` that forwards probe metadata queries to appropriate cell group, via new interface method in cell group base class.
* Replace `gid_to_local_` map in simulator implementation with a map that takes gid to local cell index _and_ local cell group index.
* Move scheduler association map mutex into the cell group where it is being used (i.e. `mc_cell_group`).
* Add generic (`visit`-able) interface to specifc fvm-probe types for accessing metadata via `any_ptr`.
* Implement (override) `get_probe_metadata` method for `mc_cell_group`.
* Use new cv policy API for LFP example discretization.
* Use new probe metadata API to simplify LFP example sampler callback.
* Add `on_components` locset expression that gives points a relative distance from the head of each component of a region.
* Simplify implementation of thingification of `ls::boundary`.

Fixes #1079 

Update the docs landing page and add pip install from git.

Fixes #1118

The `vec_t_` time vector is already available to the mechanisms, but not exposed. It is indexed by `cell_index` instead of directly by the `node_index` (`vec_t[vec_ci_[node_index_[i]]]`). This kind of indexing was previously unavailble. It has not been added to the printers. 
This PR also includes some cleanup in the vectorized code printer. 

Address #1109

Guide Python users to the Python installation steps early in the installation guide.

Added Issue templates to help guide usage-related questions towards 'Discussions'.

Update all Python scripts used during build/testing/running Arbor to explicitly use Python 3.

* Check for self-assignment in `device_reference::operator=(const device_reference&)`.
* Return reference to self in ` device_reference::operator=(const device_reference&)`.
* Prohibit default construction of `device_reference` and clarify copy semantics.

The tiniest of fixes: mechanisms/generate_catalogue had a bang line incompatible with newer Linux platforms without python.

* Correct hash implementation.
* Add ==, != comparisons.

Fixes #1093

Rename import method to avoid Python keyword collision.

This is copied from DLA Future. It should set the CI status on the commit from the PR instead of just on the Bors commit. This way the gitlab CI status also appears in the checks section below the PR.

Fix a Python example that was out of date.

Make all pointer arguments to kernels `__restrict__` to avoid unnecessary loads.

The effect on the busyring benchmark (swapped pas -> hh) with 8192 cells on a V100 GPU (time for model-run in seconds): 
```
|----------+-------|
| Baseline | After |
|----------+-------|
|    2.347 | 2.268 |
|    2.345 | 2.262 |
|    2.321 | 2.276 |
|    2.323 | 2.267 |
|    2.330 | 2.249 |
|----------+-------|
|    2.321 | 2.249 |
|----------+-------|
```

* add parse_swc_allen method

* small fixes and clean up

* add test for incomplete branches and make error messages more consistent

* add extra swc assertion, and remove single sample special case

* Remove spherical root/soma from morphology representations and logic.
* Replace `sample_tree` with `segment_tree`, which represents sample points in pairs and allows the representation of detached branches and cable segments.
* Remove sample point properties and predicates.
* Remove `cv_policy_flag::single_root_cv` as somata with a single attached dendrite will have a representation in the morphology of a single branch.
* Remove `arb::math::{volume/area}_sphere`, which are no longer being used.
* Remove spherical root special cases from `embed_pwlin` and `place_pwlin` objects.
* Add textual representation of `mnpos` in morphology exception text.
* Rename `sample_tree_from_swc` to `segement_tree_from_swc` and remove any special casing for one point somata.
* Remove `msample` and `mbranch` types.
* Update unit tests and python wrapper to reflect the changes.

* Add import method for mechanism catalogues, allowing mechanisms from a second catalogue to be incorporated with a prefix, together with Python interface.
* Expose `global_allen_catalogue`.
* Extend unit tests to cover mechanism catalogue import and check for name collision error cases.

* Use assign when reading memory in simd mode.
* Expand assign to work for numbers and other simd_impls.
* Don't expose detail namespace in simd.hpp.

* Add zero assignments to local variables in modcc output.

* Move `cv_policy` classes to new source files.
* Remove `cv_policy_flag::single_root_cv`.
* Allow all supplied `cv_policy` makers to be restricted a domain specified by a region: the policy is then applied per component, with the boundary points of the completion of the components included.
* Expose `cv_policy` domain in public interface.
* Add `components` function for splitting an extent into disconnected components. Add comment describing what is meant by connected in this context.
* Rename `super` region function to `complete`.
* Add region expression functions `complement` and `difference`.
* Add new locset expression function `boundary` which returns the extrmal points of each component of a region.
* Add new locset expression `cboundary` which returns the extremal points of the completion of each component of the region, which is what we need to close off CVs generated by region-restricted CV policies.
* Add locset expression `support` which returns the multiset support of the points in a locset, i.e. all points in the locset but with multiplicity one.
* Replace hodgepodge of `join` expressions in `cv_policy` implementations with locset `support` and `sum`.
* Inline `mcable::prox_loc` and `mcable::dist_loc`.
* Add cv policy combinators +_and |.
* Add `util::foldl` which acts like `std::accumulate` for ranges, except it explicitly allows mutation of the sequence, and pass the accumulation value by rvalue.
* Add unit tests for mextent components, new locset expressions.
* Remove spherical soma cases from `cv_policy` testing.
* Extent `cv_policy` unit tests to cover new functionality.
* Rejig `cv_policy` unit tests to use the morphology testing predicates.
* Add `cv_policy` documentation to cable cell docs.

Fixes #1058.

* Add new API for the SIMD library that is compatible with the ARM 'sizeless' SVE vectors. Language restrictions prevent the use of the operator overload interface used up to this point for SIMD.
* Add `indirect_expressions` and `indirect_indexed_expressions` for describing memory reads/writes. `where_expressions` control masked access to simd vectors.
* Implement the SVE SIMD back-end in accordance with the alternate SIMD API.
* Retrieve vector width information from compiled mechanisms.
* Use alternate SIMD API in modcc-generated mechanisms.
* Add assertion in generated mechanism code that checks runtime vector width compatibility.

Fixess #1021. 

* Add C++ analogue to simple NEURON demo provided by LFPy project under example/lfp.
* Add plot script for rending example output to match that from NEURON demo.

Remove a redundant copy in favor of a swap operation for a gain in performance;
especially on GPU since copies are synchronous. Similarly, instead of solving the 
linear system into an intermediate array, write output directly into the target.

Here is the effect on the busyring benchmark (swapped pas -> hh) with 8192 cells on a
V100 GPU (time for model-run in seconds).
```
|----------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------|
| Baseline | fvm_lowered_cell: copy -> swap | matrix: solve + copy -> solve_into |
|----------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------|
|    2.230 |                          2.199 |                              2.129 |
|    2.231 |                          2.209 |                              2.132 |
|    2.225 |                          2.209 |                              2.136 |
|    2.227 |                          2.186 |                              2.130 |
|    2.220 |   ...

Add a new catalogue comprising optimised version of some of the mechanisms commonly used in models of the Allen Cell Types Database, eg http://celltypes.brain-map.org/mouse/experiment/electrophysiology/323535089.
This made required extending modcc to some new NMODL features, as well as to expose some optimisations.

In addition clean up the default catalogue by moving test mechanisms to their proper place in the unit tests.

Update core library:
* support derivation of named mechanisms in catalogue from a string description of the parent.
* fix bug in radois_ge region expression that was finding region_lt.
* fix test for radius_ge region expression

Add support for mechanism, global properties and catalogue shenanigans to python wrapper

* Guard `event_generator` implicit constructor with type test.
* Fix linking error from use of `empty_generator` by replacing pointers to `no_event` with nullptr.
* Clarify `regular_generator` semantics in comment.
* Add unit test for checking.

Fixes #1066

* Add new `isometry` class representing a direct Euclidean isometry comprising a rotation and translation. Translations are always taken with respect to absolute coordinates, but rotations are composed with respect to intrinsic coordinates.
* Add new `place_pwlin` class, that takes a morphology and an isometry, and answers location queries: where in space does a particular `mlocation` lie?
* Split out (some of) the common code between `place_pwlin` and `embed_pwlin`.
* Add equality operator to `mpoint`.

This functionality is added to aid the presentation of the local field potential example.

Update `mech_vec.cpp` to work with the new API 
Print profiler summary in the ring example

* Make recipe return probes as a vector.
* Remove `probe_id` from `probe_info`.
* Rename `fvm_probe_info` to `fvm_probe_data` (everything was being called info, and it was getting confusing).
* Make `probe_association_map` specific to `mc_cell_group`/`fvm_lowered_cell`.
* Change probe_association_map representation: unordered map for probe_id -> tag; unordered multimap for probe_id -> fvm_probe_data. This allows multiple probes to be associated with the same probe id.
* Call sampler callback separately for each probe with the same probe_id.
* Replace location-based probes with locset equivalents.
* Add index for probes sharing a probe id.
* Bundle all probe metadata (id, tag, index, probe-specific meta) into `probe_metadata` struct for passing to sampler callbacks.
* Change simple_sampler to work on `trace_vector`, a vector of `trace_data`. The _i_th element is the data from probe with index i.
* Consolidate hash composition and `std::hash` specialization code in new header.
* Update python lib for new API.
* Update tests and examples for new recipe, internal probe, and simple_sampler APIs.
* Update docs to suit.

* Tidy synapse collation code.
* Further reduce synapse collation allocations.

Fix for #1055

* Add ranges in STATE blocks of the form FROM ... TO ...
* Unit test for the above
* Add type check for <..., ...> ranges
* Add units in procedure argument lists
* Unit test for the above.

Fixes #1037. 

* Add fake unmatchable spike events to event queue for each exact sample request, so that integration boundaries align with exact sample times.
* Update probe-demo for exact sampling.
* Add copy assignment for `cable_cell`.
* Extend max args for ARB_PP_FOREACH to 20.
* Add unit test for ARB_PP_FOREACH.
* Use ARB_PP_FOREACH to instantiate backend-specific probe unit tests. This also fixes the GPU probe tests that were using multicore backend.
* Add unit test that exercises exact sampling requests combined with regular events in a gap junction context.

This is a bit experimental. It builds arbor with `-fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage` and creates a docker image with just the project binaries, lcov, gcov and generated `.gcno` files. This should still be reasonably small since there are no object files etc. When run on daint, `.gcna` files are produced (should be thread / process safe according to gcc's manual) inside of the container, and `lcov` is used to combine all those things into a single file with a random name in the mounted git project folder (hopefully this solves clashes with multiple nodes). After all tests are run, the combined reports are uploaded to codecov.io.

Fixes #589 and #730, providing cell-wide probes and a correct total trans-membrane current.
Fixes #822, providing spatial interpolation of membrane voltages as governed by cable resistivity and diameter.

* Add partition of point mechanism target vector by cell index to `fvm_mechanism_config`.
* Fix sign error in axial current interpolation.
* Replace `fvm_probe_info` with class that wraps a variant type capturing one of a set of backend-cellgroup probe translation representations: `fvm_probe_scalar`, `fvm_probe_interpolated`, `fvm_probe_multi`, `fvm_probe_weighted_multi`, `fvm_probe_membrance_currents`.
* Refactor `fvm_lowered_cell_impl::resolve_probe_address` so that it avoids the long chain of if-else tests on wrapped `any` type with an invocation of `util::any_visitor`. Each specific cable cell probe address representation is translated into one of the intermediate `fvm_probe_info` variants via an overload of `resolve_probe`.
* Add new non-scalar cell probe address types for all-of-cell values, including point mechanism state, density mechanism state, ion currents and concentrations, membrane voltage by CV cable, and total trans-mebrane currents. The latter are ultimately calculated by computing the net axial current fluxes in each CV.
* Add `util::any_ptr` field to the sampling function interface, pointing to constant-per-simulation-run metadata associated with a probe address. Underlying metadata type varies between probe types.
* Extend `simple_sampler` so that it optionally captures sampler metadata.
* Add special case to `simple_sampler` for vector-valued sample data, allowing it to translate from a pointer-pair range to a std::vector.
* Fix minor bugs in `util::variant`.
* Add to `mc_cell_group` the logic for translating each intermediate probe representation to a sampler callback invocation, reusing temporary scratch vectors across calls.
* Add unit comments to `embed_pwlin_data`.
* Add probe variety demonstration `probe-demo` to examples, covering most of the new cable cell probe classes.
* Add `util::any_visitor` runtime-type dependent dispatcher class.
* Add `util::overload` helper for generating overloaded functional objects from individual functions, lambdas or functionals.
* Extend probe unit tests in `test_probe.cpp` to cover new probe address types.
* Add unit tests for `any_visitor` and `overload`.

Travis CI is failing on some simd tests for `ARB_ARCH=native`
GCC appears to be setting incorrect flags in the Travis environment for `-march=native`. Using `-march=skylake-avx512/haswell/etc` fixes the errors. 

Add a simple re-write to eliminate division by a known constant.