fixes #197

* Add functions that can find thread affinity and the number of available cores on linux systems via `sched_getaffinity`.
* On other systems they default to "unknown affinity" and return 0 to indicate that the number of cores is unknown.
* Set the default number of threads according to the new functions above if no environment variable explicitly setting the number of threads is set.
* Validate environment variable value against regex and range check; terminate if improper.
* Terminate if no number of threads is provided and the library is unable to determine a sensible number automatically.